VÒNG LUÂN HỒI
"THE WHEEL OF BIRTH AND DEATH"Nguyên tác Bhikkh Khantipalo (1970)
Việt dịch Phạm Kim Khánh dịch (1994)
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FIRST LINK: Unknowing (avijja) This Pali word "avijja" is a negative term meaning "not knowing completely" but it does not mean "knowing nothing at all." This kind of unknowing is very special and not concerned with ordinary ways or subjects of knowledge, for here what one does not know are the Four Noble Truths, one does not see them clearly in one's own heart and one's own life. In past lives, we did not care to see dukkha (1), so we could not destroy the cause of dukkha (2) or craving which has impelled us to seek more and more lives, more and more pleasures. The cessation of dukkha (3) which perhaps could have been seen by us in past lives, was not realized, so we come to the present existence inevitably burdened with dukkha. And in the past we can hardly assume that we set our feet upon the practice-path leading to the cessation of dukkha (4) and we did not even discover stream-entry. We are now paying for our own negligence in the past. And this unknowing is not some kind of first cause in the past, for it dwells in our hearts now. But due to this unknowing, as we shall see, we have set in motion this wheel bringing round old age and death and all other sorts of dukkha. Those past "selves" in previous lives who are in the stream of my individual continuity did not check their craving and so could not cut at the root of unknowing. On the contrary they made kamma, some of the fruits of which in this present life I, as their causal resultant, am receiving. The picture helps us to understand this: a blind old woman (avijja is of feminine gender) with a stick picks her way through a petrified forest strewn with bones. It is said that the original picture here should be an old blind she-camel led by a driver, the beast being one accustomed to long and weary journeys across inhospitable country, while its driver could be craving. Whichever simile is used, the beginninglessness and the darkness of unknowing are well suggested. We are the blind ones who have staggered from the past into the present — to what sort of future? Depending on the existence of unknowing in the heart there was volitional action, kamma or abhisankhara, made in those past lives. |
Vòng Khoen Đầu Tiên: VÔ MINH (Avijjà) |
SECOND LINK: Volitions (sankhara) Intentional actions have the latent power within them to bear fruit in the future — either in a later part of the life in which they were performed, in the following life, or in some more distant life, but their potency is not lost with even the passing of aeons; and whenever the necessary conditions obtain that past kamma may bear fruit. Now, in past lives we have made kamma, and due to our ignorance of the Four Noble Truths we have been "world-upholders" and so making good and evil kamma we have ensured the continued experience of this world. Beings like this, obstructed by unknowing in their hearts have been compared to a potter making pots: he makes successful and beautiful pottery (skillful kamma) and he is sometimes careless and his pots crack and break up from various flaws (unskillful kamma). And he gets his clay fairly well smeared over himself just as purity of heart is obscured by the mud of kamma. The simile of the potter is particularly apt because the word Sankhara means "forming," "shaping," and "compounding," and therefore it has often been rendered in English as "Formations." Depending on the existence of these volitions produced in past lives, there arises the consciousness called "relinking" which becomes the basis of this present life. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ NHÌ: HÀNH (Sankhàra, hành động có tác ý) |
THIRD LINK: Consciousness (viññana) This relinking consciousness may be of different qualities, according to the kamma upon which it depends. In the case of all those who read this, the consciousness "leaping" into a new birth at the time of conception, was a human relinking consciousness arising as a result of having practiced at least the Five Precepts, the basis of "humanness" in past lives. One should note that this relinking consciousness is a resultant, not something which can be controlled by will. If one has not made kamma suitable for becoming a human being, one cannot will, when the time of death comes round, "Now I shall become a man again!" The time for intentional action was when one had the opportunity to practice Dhamma. Although our relinking-consciousness in this birth is now behind us, it is now that we can practice Dhamma and make more sure of a favorable relinking consciousness in future — that is, if we wish to go on living in Samsara. This relinking-consciousness is the third constituent necessary for conception, for even though it is the mother's period and sperm is deposited in the womb, if there is no "being" desiring to take rebirth at that place and time there will be no fertilization of the ovum. Appropriately, the picture shows a monkey, the consciousness leaping from one tree, the old life, to another tree. The old tree has died, while the one towards which it jumps is laden with fruits — they may be the fruits of good or evil. The Tibetan picture shows a monkey devouring fruit, experiencing the fruits of deeds done in the past. Dependent upon relinking-consciousness there is the arising of mind-body. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ BA: THỨC (Viññàna) |
FOURTH LINK: Mind-body (Nama-rupa) This is not a very accurate translation but gives the general meaning. There is more included in rupa that is usually thought of as body, while mind is a compound of feeling, perception, volition and consciousness. This mind and body is two interactive continuities in which there is nothing stable. Although in conventional speech we talk of "my mind" and "my body," implying that there is some sort of owner lurking in the background, the wise understand that laws govern the workings of both mental states and physical changes and mind cannot be ordered to be free of defilements, nor body told that it must not grow old, become sick and die. But it is in the mind that a change can be wrought instead of drifting through life at the mercy of the inherent instability of mind and body. So in the illustration, mind is doing the work of punting the boat of psycho-physical states on the river of cravings, while body is the passive passenger. The Tibetan picture shows a coracle being rowed over swirling waters with three (? or four) other passengers, who doubtless represent the other groups or aggregates (khandha). With the coming into existence of mind-body, there is the arising of the six sense-spheres. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ TƯ: DANH-SẮC (Nàma-rùpa) |
FIFTH LINK: Six sense-spheres (salayatana) A house with six windows is the usual symbol for this link (but the Tibetan shows a house with one (?) window). These six senses are eye, ear, nose, tongue, touch and mind, and these are the bases for the reception of the various sorts of information which each can gather in the presence of the correct conditions. This information falls under six headings corresponding to the six spheres: sights, sounds, smells, tastes, tangibles and thoughts. Beyond these six spheres of sense and their corresponding six objective spheres, we know nothing. All our experience is limited by the senses and their objects with the mind counted as the sixth. The five outer senses collect data only in the present but mind, the sixth, where this information is collected and processed, ranges through the three times adding memories from the past and hopes and fears for the future, as well as thoughts of various kinds relating to the present. It may also add information about the spheres of existence which are beyond the range of the five outer senses, such as the various heavens, the ghosts and the hell-states. A mind developed through collectedness (samadhi) is able to perceive these worlds and their inhabitants. The six sense-spheres existing, there is contact. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ NĂM: LỤC CĂN (Salàyatana) |
SIXTH LINK: Contact (phassa) This means the contact between the six senses and the respective objects. For instance, when the necessary conditions are all fulfilled, there being an eye, a sight-object, light and the eye being functional and the person awake and turned toward the object, there is likely to be eye-contact, the striking of the object upon the sensitive eye-base. The same is true for each of the senses and their type of contact. The traditional symbol for this link shows a man and a woman embracing. Where contact arises, feeling exists. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ SÁU: XÚC (Phassa) |
SEVENTH LINK: Feeling (vedana) When there have been various sorts of contact through the six senses, feelings arise which are the emotional response to those contacts. Feelings are of three sorts: pleasant, painful and neither pleasant nor painful. The first are welcome and are the basis for happiness, the second are unwelcome and are the basis for dukkha while the third are the neutral sort of feelings which we experience so often but hardly notice. But all feelings are unstable and liable to change, for no mental state can continue in equilibrium. Even moments of the highest happiness whatever we consider this is, pass away and give place to different ones. So even happiness which is impermanent based on pleasant feelings is really dukkha, for how can the true unchanging happiness be found in the unstable? Thus the picture shows a man with his eyes pierced by arrows, a strong enough illustration of this. When feelings arise, cravings are (usually) produced. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ BẢY: THỌ (Vedanà) |
EIGHTH LINK CRAVING (tanha) Up to this point, the succession of events has been determined by past kamma. Craving, however, leads to the making of new kamma in the present and it is possible now, and only now, to practice Dhamma. What is needed here is mindfulness (sati), for without it no Dhamma at all can be practiced while one will be swept away by the force of past habits and let craving and unknowing increase themselves within one's heart. When one does have mindfulness one may and can know "this is pleasant feeling," "this is unpleasant feeling," "this is neither pleasant nor unpleasant feeling" — and such contemplation of feelings leads one to understand and beware of greed, aversion and delusion, which are respectively associated with the three feelings. With this knowledge one can break out of the Wheel of Birth and Death. But without this Dhamma-practice it is certain that feelings will lead on to more cravings and whirl one around this wheel full of dukkha. As Venerable Nagarjuna has said: "Desires have only surface sweetness, hardness within and bitterness — deceptive as the kimpa-fruit. Thus says the King of Conquerors. Such links renounce — they bind the world Within samsara's prison grid. If your head or dress caught fire in haste you would extinguish it, Do likewise with desire — Which whirls the wheel of wandering-on and is the root of suffering. No better thing to do!" — L.K. 23, 104 In Sanskrit, the word trisna (tanha) means thirst, and by extension implies "thirst for experience." For this reason, craving is shown as a toper guzzling intoxicants and in my picture I have added three bottles — craving for sensual sphere existence and the craving for the higher heavens of the Brahma-worlds which are either of subtle form, or formless. Where the kamma of further craving is produced there arises Grasping. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ TÁM: ÁI DỤC (Taņhà) |
NINTH LINK: Grasping (upadana) This is an intensification and diversification of craving which is directed to four ends: sensual pleasures, views which lead astray from Dhamma, external religious rites and vows, and attachment to the view of soul or self as being permanent. When these become strong in people they cannot even become interested in Dhamma, for their efforts are directed away from Dhamma and towards dukkha. The common reaction is to redouble efforts to find peace and happiness among the objects which are grasped at. Hence both pictures show a man reaching up to pick more fruit although his basket is full already. Where this grasping is found there Becoming is to be seen. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ CHÍN: THỦ (Upàdàna) |
TENTH LINK: Becoming (bhava) With hearts boiling with craving and grasping, people ensure for themselves more and more of various sorts of life, and pile up the fuel upon the fire of dukkha. The ordinary person, not knowing about dukkha, wants to stoke up the blaze, but the Buddhist way of doing things is to let the fires go out for want of fuel by stopping the process of craving and grasping and thus cutting off Unknowing at its root. If we want to stay in samsara we must be diligent and see that our becoming, which is happening all the time shaped by our kamma, is becoming in the right direction. This means becoming in the direction of purity and following the white path of Dhamma-practice. This will contribute to whatever we become, or do not become, at the end of this life when the pathways to the various realms stand open and we become according to our practice and to our death-consciousness. Appropriately, Becoming is illustrated by a pregnant woman. In the presence of Becoming there is arising in a new birth. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ MƯỜI: HỮU (Bhàva) |
ELEVENTH LINK: Birth (jati) Birth, as one might expect, is shown as a mother in the process of childbirth, a painful business and a reminder of how dukkha cannot be avoided in any life. Whatever the future life is to be, if we are not able to bring the wheel to a stop in this life, certainly that future will arise conditioned by the kamma made in this life. But it is no use thinking that since there are going to be future births, one may as well put off Dhamma practice until then — for it is not sure what those future births will be like. And when they come around, they are just the present moment as well. So no use waiting! Venerable Nagarjuna shows that it is better to extricate oneself: "Where birth takes place, quite naturally are fear, old age and misery, disease, desire and death, As well a mass of other ills. When birth's no longer brought about All the links are ever stopped." — L.K. 111 Naturally where there is Birth, is also Old-age and Death. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ MƯỜI MỘT: SANH (Jàti) |
TWELFTH LINK: Old-age and death (jara-marana) In future one is assured, given enough of Unknowing and Craving, of lives without end but also of deaths with end. The one appeals to greed but the other arouses aversion. One without the other is impossible. But this is the path of heedlessness. The Dhamma-path leads directly to Deathlessness, the going beyond birth and death, beyond all dukkha. The Tibetan picture shows an old man carrying off a bundled-up corpse upon his back, taking it away to some charnel ground. My picture has an old man gazing at a coffin enclosing a corpse. We are well exhorted by the words of Acarya Nagarjuna: "Do you therefore exert yourself: At all times try to penetrate Into the heart of these Four Truths; For even those who dwell at home, they will, by understanding them ford the river of (mental) floods." — L.K. 115 This is a very brief outline of the workings of this wheel which we cling to for our own harm and the hurt of others. We are the makers of this wheel and the turners of this wheel, but if we wish it and work for it, we are the ones who can stop this wheel. |
VÒNG KHOEN THỨ MƯỜI HAI: LÃO và TỬ (Jarà-maraņna) |
THE MONSTER Both pictures show the Wheel as being in the grip of a fearful monster. In my drawing the monster's name is engraved upon his crown so that people should not think of him as a common demon. He is no such thing, for his name is Impermanence and his crown shows his authority over all worlds whatever. He devours them and they are all, heavens and hells together, securely held in the grasp of his taloned hands. The crown upon his head is adorned with five skulls, representing the impermanence of the five groups or aggregates comprising the person. His eyes, ears, nose, and mouth have flames about them, an illustration of the Exalted One's Third Discourse in which He says: "The eye is afire..." and so on. Above the monster's two eyes, there is a third one meaning that while for the fool impermanence is his enemy, for the wise man it helps him to Enlightenment. Although the monster has adorned himself with earrings and the like he fails to look attractive — in the same way, this world puts on an outer show of beauty puts its beauty fades when examined more carefully. Below the painting of the wheel, some Tibetan examples show parts of a tiger-skin adorning the monster, a symbol of fearfulness. In my drawing I show the monster's tail which has no beginning, looping back and forth. In the same way, we have been born, lived and then died countless times in the whirl of samsara. Sometimes our deeds were mostly good and sometimes mostly bad, and we have reaped the fruit of it all. |
CON QỦY |
SOME OTHER FEATURES The whole wheel glows with heat and is surrounded by flames burning with the fires of greed, aversion and delusion as the Exalted One has repeated many times in His Discourses. In the upper right corner of both pictures stands the Exalted Buddha shown crossed over to the Further Shore, meaning Nibbana. The Tibetan picture shows him pointing out the moon upon which is drawn a hare, the symbol of renunciation, the way to practice Dhamma, and the way out of this wheel.10 In my picture, He indicates with his hand the nature of samsara and warns us to beware. He is adorned with a radiance about Him symbolizing the spiritual freedom and majestic wisdom won by Him which can be described in many ways but is finally beyond the limitations of everything known to us. The Tibetan picture shows in the upper left, a drawing of Avalokitesvara,11 the embodiment of compassion as the way and the goal for those who follow the bodhisattva-path. My picture has the Path of Dhamma of eight lotuses leading to the wheel of Dhamma. The eight lotuses are the eight factors of the Noble Path, the first two — Right View, Right Attitude — being the wisdom-section; the next three — Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood — being the morality section; and the last three — Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Collectedness — being the section of collectedness or meditation. The Wheel of Dhamma has at its center suññata, the Void, another name for the experience of Nibbana. Around its hub are the ten petals of a lotus, representing the ten perfecting qualities (parami) which are necessary for complete attainment: generosity, moral conduct, renunciation, wisdom, determination, energy, patience, truthfulness, loving-kindness and equanimity. Eight spokes radiate from the hub which stand for the practice by the arahant, the one perfected, of the Eightfold Path when each factor, instead of being just right, becomes perfect. On the inside of the wheel's nave there are 37 jewels symbolizing the thirty-seven factors of Enlightenment, while the outer edge of the nave is adorned with four groups of three jewels showing the Four Noble Truths in each of the three ways wherein they were viewed by the Exalted Buddha when he discovered Enlightenment.12 |
MỘT VÀI NÉT KHÁC |
CONCLUSION This picture teaches us and reminds us of many important features of the Dhamma as it was intended to by the teachers of old. Contemplating all its features frequently helps to give us true insight into the nature of Samsara. With its help and our own practice we come to see Dependent Arising in ourselves. When this has been done thoroughly all the riches of Dhamma will be available to us, not from books or discussions, nor from listening to others' explanations... The Exalted Buddha has said: "Whoever sees Dependent Arising, he sees Dhamma; Whoever sees Dhamma, he sees Dependent Arising." * * * Anicca vata sankhara uppada vayadammino Uppajjitva nirujjhanti tesam vupasamo sukho. Conditions truly they are transient With the nature to arise and cease Having arisen, then they pass away Their calming, cessation is happiness. |
KẾT LUẬN |
NOTES 1. See Wheel No. 34/35: "The Four Noble Truths." 2. One of the eighteen branches of extinct Hinayana. 3. the familiar Pali forms of names are used throughout. 4. These have not been shown in the accompanying drawing and neither does modern Tibetan tradition represent them. They are, respectively the eastern western, northern and southern continents of the old Indian geography. 5. In modern representations a cock is always shown. 6. Translation by Ven. Pasadiko from the opening paragraphs of the Sahasodgata Avadana, Divyavadana 21, Mithila Edition, page 185 ff. 7. Dasa-kusala-kammapatha. 8. Dasa-puñña-kiriya-vatthu. 9. See "Sixty Songs of Milarepa", Wheel, No. 95/97. 10. Not included in the reproduction given here. 11. Not included in the reproduction given here. 12. See the Wheel No. 17: "Three Cardinal Discourses" p. 7f. |
GHI CHÚ: |
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Trình bày: Minh Hạnh & Thiện PhápCập nhật ngày: 03-03-2006
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03-03-2006
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